Factors related to adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a specialized care facility

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to verify the level of adherence to antiretroviral treatment and its associated factors. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on data retrieved from medical records. To achieve this, we used a questionnaire composed of sociodemographic and clinical information recorded from patients aged between thirteen and fifty-nine years who attended a specialized service from 2007 to 2014. The chi-square test was performed to verify the association of the outcome with the categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared through the Student t-test. Thirteen variables were analyzed in the bivariate model, resulting in the selection of the following variables to the multivariate model (p<0.20) age of discovery (p=0.12), age (p=0.14), skin color (p=0.12), level of education (p=0.03), time since HIV diagnosis (p<0.001) and AIDS case (p<0.001). Among the six variables selected for the multivariate model, cases of aids (p<0.001) remained significant. We concluded that having aids decreases the probability of non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment by 92%. These results indicate that symptomatic patients have better adherence to therapy.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os níveis de adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral e os fatores associados a ela. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de delineamento transversal baseado em levantamento de prontuários. Para tanto, foi utilizado um questionário composto de informações sociodemográficas e clínicas de pacientes com idade entre 13 e 59 anos atendidos em um serviço de atendimento especializado nos anos de 2007 a 2014. Foi realizado o teste do Qui-quadrado para verificar a associação do desfecho com as variáveis categóricas. As variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de "Student" (dois grupos). Treze variáveis foram analisadas no modelo bivariado, sendo selecionadas para o modelo multivariado (p<0,20): idade de descoberta (p=0,12), idade (p=0,14), cor da pele (p=0,12), escolaridade (p=0,03), tempo de diagnóstico do HIV (p<0,001) e caso de aids (p<0,001). Das seis variáveis selecionadas para o modelo multivariado, permaneceu significante o fato de o paciente ter aids (p<0,001). Concluiu-se que ter aids reduz a probabilidade de não adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral em cerca de 92%. Os resultados indicam que o indivíduo que é sintomático adere melhor à terapia.

Depression and adherence to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive men in São Paulo, the largest city in South America: Social and psychological implications

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and adherence to antiretroviral treatment in two groups of individuals: men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW). METHODS: Two hundred and sixteen participants (MSM=116; MSW=100) who visited the Clinics Hospital of the School of the Medicine of the University of São Paulo completed two independent surveys (the BECK Depression Inventory and an adherence self-declared questionnaire) to evaluate their depression status and adherence to antiretroviral treatment, respectively. RESULTS: The study highlighted a positive relationship between depression and low adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in these patients regardless of age and sexual orientation. In addition, MSM subjects were two times more prone than MSW subjects to develop depression symptoms. White or mixed race men showed 7.6 times greater adherence to treatment than black men. The probability of complete adherence to treatment was 3.8 times higher in non-depressed subjects than in depressed subjects regardless of their ethnicity. The chance of developing depression was 4.17 times higher for an individual with non-adherent behavior than for an adherent individual. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with low adherence rates have proportionally higher depression rates. Depressed men tend to show less adherence to treatment. Black but not mixed race or white men show less adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and have a greater chance of developing depression, which directly interferes with adherence. The chances of developing depression are four times greater for a patient with non-adherent behavior than for a patient with adherent behavior.

Crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV em acompanhamento em serviços brasileiros: análise dos fatores de vulnerabilidade na adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral / Children and adolescents living with HIV of services in Brazil: analysis of vulnerability factors in adherence to antiretroviral treatment

Este estudo analisa fatores associados à adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral entre crianças e adolescentes que adquiriram HIV a partir da infecção materna e em acompanhamento em serviços de referência localizados nas cinco macrorregiões do Brasil. Por meio de estratégias quantitativas e qualitativas foram investigados: o momento da descoberta do diagnóstico, o histórico do acesso aos serviços de saúde e da adesão ao tratamento e o contexto social e familiar de 260 crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV (CAVHIV) e de seus cuidadores. A adesão foi aferida com o auxílio de um indicador biológico (supressão viral evidenciada pela carga viral sanguínea) e um indicador comportamental (questionário de adesão). Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os cuidadores e, em um dos serviços, foram registradas em um diário de campo histórias de crianças em acompanhamento e conteúdos de reuniões de equipe multiprofissional para a discussão dos casos com maior dificuldade de adesão. Os resultados foram apresentados em três artigos. O primeiro, focado na análise dos dados quantitativos, revelou que os cuidadores sem abuso de álcool/outras drogas (...) O segundo artigo analisa as implicações do momento da revelação do diagnostico para CAVHIV a partir da aplicação da teoria de Erving Goffman sobre estigma ao conteúdo do diário de campo; tal reflexão resultou na identificação de padrões de socialização de crianças vivendo com HIV e possíveis estratégias para diminuição de seu impacto em futuras gerações. No terceiro artigo foi feita a triangulação dos dados quantitativos e qualitativos, a partir do referencial de vulnerabilidade, visando a caracterização dos fatores de natureza individual, institucional e social que determinam o papel dos cuidadores na adesão de CAVHA à terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARVc)...

This study analyzes factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral treatment among perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents (PHIV), under follow-up in pediatric sites located in the five geographical regions of Brazil. Through quantitative and qualitative strategies were investigated: the time of HIV diagnosis, the history of access to health services and treatment adherence and the social and family context of 260 children and adolescents living with HIV and its caregivers. Adherence was measured with the aid of a biological indicator (viral suppression verified by blood viral load) and a behavioral indicator (adherence scale). Caregivers were submitted to semi-structured interviews and in one of the services, stories of children and multidisciplinary team meetings to discuss cases with greater difficulty of adherence were recorded in a field diary. The results were presented in three articles. The first, focused on the quantitative analysis revealed that caregivers without alcohol / other drugs abuse (...) The second article analyzes, within the framework of Erving Goffman´s theory about stigma, the implications of the time of diagnosis disclosure to PHIV to the content of the field diary; this approach resulted in the identification of patterns of socialization of children living with HIV and possible strategies to decrease its impact on future generations. In the third article we searched for the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative results within the framework of vulnerability, aiming to characterize the individual, institutional and social nature factors that determine the role of caregivers in adherence of PHIV to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)...

Cumplimiento de tratamientos farmacológicos: una aproximación cualitativa a la realidad pehuenche / Pharmacological treatment compliance: a qualitative approach to the Pehuenche reality

Antecedentes: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles son un problema creciente en distintos grupos socioeconómicos y etarios. Dentro de las enfermedades crónicas la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes y las dislipidemias son las que presentan mayor dificultad para el control por parte del personal médico. Los principales problemas se concentran en el cumplimiento farmacológico por parte de la población mapuche y pehuenche. Metodología: se aplicó una investigación cualitativa, etnometodológica que estableció las bases teórico-metodológicas sobre las problemáticas relacionadas al concepto de enfermedad y cumplimiento farmacológico. La información se recolectó mediante entrevistas en población pehuenche. Se concluyó el proceso de reclutamiento mediante el punto de saturación de la información. Se efectuó análisis de contenido de tipo semántico estructural. Resultados: la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes y las dislipidemias, así como las enfermedades crónicas, no poseen un precedente cultural e histórico. Éstas se oponen al sistema religioso y compiten con sus instituciones. Por esta razón el tratamiento farmacológico no resulta efectivo, debido al escenario sociocultural particular. Conclusión: las diferencias conceptuales entre la medicina alopática y la cultural pehuenche redundan en problemas de cumplimiento, en especial debido a sus conceptualizaciones de las enfermedades crónicas.

Background: Chronic noncommunicable diseases are a growing problem in different socioeconomic groups and age ranges. Among chronic diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes and dyslipidemia, pose a greater monitoring challenge for medical staff, mainly treatment compliance in the Mapuche and Pehuenche people. Methodology: Qualitative, ethnomethodological investigation that provides the theoretical and methodological framework on issues related to the concept of disease and treatment compliance. Information was collected through interviews. The recruitment process was stopped when the saturation point of information was reached. At that point, structural semantic content analysis was performed. Results: Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia and other chronic diseases are not culturally and historically defined, contradict religious the system and compete with longstanding institutions. Consequently, drug treatment is not effective in this particular socio-cultural setting. Conclusion: The conceptual differences between allopathic and Pehuenche medicine result in compliance issues, particularly because of their conceptualizations of chronic diseases.

Compliance to micronutrient supplementation in children 3 to 24 months of age from a semi-rural community in Mexico

OBJECTIVE: To identify associated factors to compliance for multiple micronutrient (MM) or iron and vitamin A (IVITA) supplementation, in children (3 to 24 months old). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A database (n=465 children) from a randomized, controlled, clinical trial, carried out in a semi-rural setting in Mexico, was analyzed. The compliance rate of MM and IVITA supplements was calculated. Adequate compliance rate (AC>80%), and its association with children and households characteristics, was determined. RESULTS: The compliance mean was high (MM:78.2%, IVITA:80.1%; p<0.05). The odds of AC were 59% greater in the children of IVITA than with MM group, although the estimate was only marginally significant (p=0.052). Maternal education (p<0.001), child birth weight (p=0.003), and children with cough (p<0.001) or fever (p=0.024) were significantly associated with AC and significantly marginal was maternal indigenous (p=0.071). CONCLUSION: The high AC was consistent with others efficacy studies. More research is needed to document physiological, cultural, social and operative factors affecting compliance with supplementation.

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados con el cumplimiento del consumo de suplementos con micronutrimentos múltiples (MM) o con hierro y vitamina A (FEVITA) en niños (<24 meses de edad). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Información de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego en una localidad semirrural en México. Se calculó el porcentaje de cumplimiento (n=465 niños), cumplimiento adecuado (CA: >80%) y su asociación con varias características. RESULTADOS: El cumplimiento fue alto (MM: 78.2%, FEVITA: 80.1%; p<0.05). Los momios de CA fueron 59% mayores en niños del grupo FEVITA que en MM (p=0.052). Escolaridad materna (p<0.001), peso al nacer del niño (p=0.003), porcentaje de tiempo con tos (p<0.001) y con fiebre (p=0.024) y marginalmente, la condición indígena materna (p=0.071) se asociaron con el CA. CONCLUSIONES: La alta tasa de cumplimiento fue consistente con otros estudios. Es necesaria mayor investigación sobre factores fisiológicos, culturales, sociales y operativos relacionados con el cumplimiento del consumo de suplementos.

Adherencia terapéutica / Adherence therapeutics

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la adherencia terapéutica en la que se valoró: la repercusión personal y social que tiene la conducta del incumplimiento terapéutico, el concepto de adherencia terapéutica, el modelo explicativo de lo que significa, los métodos para su evaluación, los factores que la determinan, las estrategias para incrementarla y las investigaciones más recientes sobre esta temática.

A review of the literature on adherence assessing the impact on the personal and social behavior have poor compliance, adherence concept, explanatory model of what it means, methods for evaluation, determinants, and strategies to increase recent research on this subject.

Non compliance of drug therapy in diabetics - experience at Lahore

Diabetes is becoming a major health problem in Pakistan. However, there is no data about noncompliance of drug therapy in diabetics in Pakistan. To assess drug compliance in diabetic patients and their reasons for noncompliance. Setting: Lahore General Hospital, Lahore having a catchment area of poor population. Methods: Using a standard questionnaire administered by a doctor to diabetic adults over the age of 20 years, the degree of drug compliance and the reasons for noncompliance were assessed. Of 163 diabetics studied, only 40% of the patients had good compliance with others having various degrees of noncompliance. Main reasons for stopping the drugs in 97 non-compliant patients were carelessness [51.6%/, misbelief that diabetes is cured when there are no symptoms or when blood glucose becomes normal [50.5%], not being told about the chronic nature of the disease by the treating doctor [28.9%] and cost of treatment [25.8%]. This study underscores the need for health education of the diabetic patients by general practitioners about the disease and the need for continuous treatment by the patients to avoid the manifold cost of treatment of complication of uncontrolled diabetes